of Singapoera, called Siri Raja Nagara.
Valentijn, v. 331.
1616.Found a Dutch man-of-war, one
of a fleet appointed for the siege of Malaca, with the aid of the King of Acheen, at the entrance of the
Straits of Singapore.Sainsbury, i. 458.
1727.In anno 1703 I called at Johore on my Way to China,
and he treated me very kindly, and made me a Present of the Island of Sincapure, but I told him it
could be of no use to a private Person, tho a proper Place for a Company to settle a Colony in, lying
in the Center of Trade, and being accommodated with good Rivers and safe Harbours, so conveniently
situated that all Winds served Shipping, both to go out and come in.A. Hamilton, ii. 98; [ed. 1744, ii.
97].
1818.We are now on our way to the eastward, in the hope of doing something, but I much fear
the Dutch have hardly left us an inch of ground.
My attention is principally turned to Johore, and you
must not be surprised if my next letter to you is dated from the site of the ancient city of Singapura.Raffles,
Letter to Marsden, dated Sandheads, Dec. 12. SINGARA, s. Hind. singhara, Skt. sringattaka, sringa, a horn. The caltrop or water-chestnut; Trapa
bispinosa, Roxb. (N.O. Haloragaceae).
[c. 1590.The Ain (ed. Jarrett, ii. 65) mentions it as one of the crops on which revenue was levied in
cash.
[1798.In Kashmir many of them
were obliged to live on the Kernel of the singerah, or water-
nut.
Forster, Travels, ii. 29.
[1809.Buchanan-Hamilton writes singghara.Eastern India, i. 241.]
1835.Here,
as in most other parts of India, the tank is spoiled by the water-chestnut, singhara (Trapa bispinosa),
which is everywhere as regularly planted and cultivated in fields under a large surface of water, as wheat
or barley is in the dry plains.
The nut grows under the water after the flowers decay, and is of a triangular
shape, and covered with a tough brown integument adhering strongly to the kernel, which is wholly esculent,
and of a fine cartilaginous texture. The people are very fond of these nuts, and they are carried often
upon bullocks backs two or three hundred miles to market.Sleeman, Rambles, &c. (1844), i. 101; [ed.
Smith, i. 94.]
1839.The nuts of the Trapa bispinosa, called Singhara, are sold in all the Bazaars of India; and a
species called by the same name, forms a considerable portion of the food of the inhabitants of Cashmere,
as we learn from Mr. Forster [loc. cit.] that it yields the Government 12,000l. of revenue; and Mr. Moorcroft
mentions nearly the same sum as Runjeet Sings share, from 96,000 to 128,000 ass-loads of this nut,
yielded by the Lake of Oaller.Royle, Him. Plants, i. 211. SIPAHSELAR, s. A General-in-chief; Pers. sipah-salar, army-leader, the last word being the same as
in the title of the late famous Minister-Regent of Hyderabad, Sir Salar Jang, i.e. the leader in war. c.
10001100.Voici quelle étoit alors la gloire et la puissance des Orpélians dans le royaume. Ils possédoient
la charge de sbasalar, ou de généralissime de toute la Georgie. Tous les officiers du palais étoient de
leur dependance.Hist. of the Orpélians, in St. Martin, Mem. sur lArménie, ii. 77.
c. 1358.At 16 my
father took me by the hand, and brought me to his own Monastery. He there addressed me: My boy,
our ancestors from generation to generation have been commanders of the armies of the Jagtay and
the Berlas family. The dignity of (Sepah Salar) Commander-in-Chief has now descended to me, but
as I am tired of this world
I mean therefore to resign my public office.
Autob. Mem. of Timour, E.T.
p. 22.
1712.Omnibus illis superior est
Sipah Salaar, sive Imperator Generalis Regni, Praesidem
dignitate excipiens.
Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot. 73.
1726.A letter from the Heer Van Maatzuiker to
His Highness Chan Chanaan, Sapperselaar, Grand Duke, and General in Chief of the Great Mogol
in Assam, Bengal, &c.Valentijn, v. 173.
1755.After the Sipahsalar Hydur, by his prudence and
courage, had defeated the Mahrattas, and recovered the country taken by them, he placed the government
of Seringaputtun on a sure and established basis.
Meer Hussein Ali Khan, H. of Hydur Naik, O. T.
F. p. 61.
[c. 1803.In a collection of native letters, the titles of Lord Lake are given as follows: Ashja -
ul - Mulk Khan Dauran, General Gerard Lake Bahadur, Sipahsalar-i-kishwar-i-Hind, Valiant of the
Kingdom, Lord of the Cycle, Commander-in-chief of the Territories of Hindustan.North Indian Notes
and Queries, iv. 17.]
SIRCAR, s. Hind. from Pers. sarkar, head (of) affairs. This word has very divers applications; but
its senses may fall under three heads.
a. The State, the Government, the Supreme authority; also the
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