Charles Low, A.D. 1844. "Manufacture of Iron and Steel." Uses oxide of manganese and charcoal in pots.

John D. M. Stirling, A.D. 1846. "Alloys and Metallic Compounds, and Welding the same to other Metals." Molten cast iron and malleable iron and metallic manganese are used.

Moses Poole, A.D. 1847. "Manufacture of Cast Metal, Iron and Steel." Chromate of iron, oxide of manganese, etc., are used.

Alexander Parkes, A.D. 1847. "Manufacture of Metals containing Iron and Steel." To improve iron, some metallic manganese may be melted with it, etc.

John D. M. Stirling, A.D. 1848. "Manufacture of Iron and Metallic Compounds." Molten iron is mixed with 5 to 30 per cent. of scrap and one per cent. of manganese in a reverberatory furnace.

Josiah Marshall Heath, A.D. 1848. "Manufacture of Cast Steel." Granulated de-oxydised pure iron, mixed with manganese and carbon.

Richard A. Brooman, A.D. 1853. "Producing Castings in Malleable Iron." Manganese is used with wrought scrap in crucibles with carbon.

J. Leon Talabot, A.D. 1853. "Manufacture of Cast Steel." Blister steel is melted with oxide of manganese.

John D. M. Stirling, A.D. 1854. "Manufacture of Steel." Cast iron is repeatedly melted with iron oxides containing manganese.

C. A. B. Chenot, A.D. 1854. "Manufacture of Steel, Iron, and different Alloys." Iron ore is roasted, pulverised, and converted into a "sponge." It is then mixed with manganese, and fused.

Auguste E. L. Bellford, A.D. 1854. "Manufacture of Steel and Wrought Iron directly from the Ore." Iron ore is mixed with manganese and other substances, and is roasted. It is then melted in crucibles.

Charles Sanderson, A.D. 1855. "Manufacture of Iron." Sulphate of iron and manganese are added to molten iron.

Abraham Pope, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Iron." Iron ore, boghead coke, and oxide of manganese are melted in a reverberatory furnace.

Richard Brooman, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Cast Steel." Manganese and other materials are added to wrought iron to make steel.

John D. M. Stirling, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Steel." Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel from cast iron and iron ore.

Joseph Gilbert Martien, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Iron." Manganese is blown into molten iron.

William Clay, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Wrought or Bar Iron." Uses manganese.

Abraham Pope, A.D. 1856. "Manufacture of Steel." Manganese is used in the cementation process.

From the foregoing long list of claimants to the use of manganese in various ways in steel making, it must be evident that a knowledge of its beneficial effect was widely known and highly appreciated nearly a century ago; but the most prominent, and the most practically successful, of all these patentees was a Mr. Josiah Marshall Heath, a civil servant under the Indian Government, who, noticing in the native Wootz steel-making of India the marvellous effect of manganese, conceived the idea of producing steel of superior quality from inferior brands of British iron by its use in the cast-steel process then extensively